Transnational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transnational Corporations - Essay Example The transnational companies have huge incomes and can practice more power than the individual states across which they work. The organizations ‘command colossal budgetary assets, have tremendous specialized assets, and they have broad worldwide reach’ (CSIDS, n.d, p.1). It has been noticed that the consolidated income of General Motors and Ford is bigger than the all out Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the nations in Sub-Saharan Africa (Ward, 2003). Similar insights and realities apply to other goliath vehicle enterprises on the planet and the individual economy of specific nations. It at that point beats rationale in the sort of impact that these transnational organizations can have on the territorial and worldwide economy. All things considered, the transnational partnerships have critical market power (Ietto-Gillies, 2012). They assume noteworthy jobs and they have negative and positive effects on the neighborhood, local, and worldwide improvement issues. This paper centers around the jobs that the TNCs play in forming the worldwide economy and the huge effects that have been seen from the transition to go worldwide. The mastery of these huge companies in various segment of the world economy is outlined. The effects of the TNC Significant advancements have been recorded in the remote direct speculations by the transnational enterprises since the 1980s with the TNCs taking various structures (Lundan, 2011, p.640). Critical increments have additionally been seen in the value of the FDIs. For example, the all out worldwide remote direct interest in 2002 added up to about $651bn (CSIDS, n.d). The created countries are the significant home nations for the remote direct speculators and the nations get a great part of the returns from the ventures. Much writing is accessible that attention on the effects of TNCs on the nations of origin (the created countries) and the written works reason that the surges in Foreign direct speculations relates decidedl y with the net efficiency in the nation of origin (Sauvant, 2008, p.229). To the creating countries, the outside direct ventures give the biggest wellspring of outer account to the home economy (CSIDS, n.d). In any case, it is as yet begging to be proven wrong with respect to whether the transnational organizations help in building up this immature countries or the companies are simply in quest for their advantage and couldn't care less about their negative effects on the general public. In as much as the associations might be viewed as wellsprings of assets to the beneficiary countries, it is likewise advantageous to take note of that the associations are out to look for benefits. Endeavors to have a condition of harmony between these two clashing jobs (a benefit looking for association and wellspring of assets to the beneficiary nation) lead to blend of negative effects of the transnational enterprises on the national and provincial economies. Likely advantages of TNCs One of the positive effects of the TNCs is that they make work openings in the beneficiary countries (CSIDS, n.d). Accessibility of modest work is one among the variables that drive an organization to go worldwide and set up its FDIs in

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Tasks Management - Essay Example In inverse accord, British Airways is a full help carrier model ready to give greater expense ticketing to buyers because of the quality of its image under a premiumisation model in showcasing. English Airways can keep up its serious edge through operational organizing with accentuation on innovation backing, trustworthiness, and great particularly in accordance with worker commitment with income building purchasers. The two aircrafts have altogether extraordinary operational systems, giving each an interesting upper hand coming from operational methodology improvement and usage. This report delineates the remarkable key operational profit for ventures for the two organizations that keep on supporting these carrier models. The operational methodologies of Ryanair and BA For organizations that keep up an expansive and different gracefully tie arrange so as to give items and administrations, for example, British Airways, holding costs for warehousing and stock administration are notewo rthy. These expenses incorporate space, work backing, utilities, and even tax collection (Heizer and Render 2004). For differing acquirement models, these expenses are unavoidable as office the executives requires uses for help work and innovation support on receivables and expectations (Heizer and Render 2004). ... - fluctuating buyer request in this industry that influence vital arranging and operational acquirement (British Airways 2010; Anderson and Day 2009). Combined with seller provided materials expected to complete its full-administration model, it was not, at this point effective for British Airways to keep up decentralized obtainment techniques with items deliverable from more than 80 unique nations. The expenses of acquirement and warehousing were including unavoidable, variable expenses into the plan of action that kept on holding onto serious cost focal points from British Airways. Minimal effort, no nonsense bearers were developing in different shopper divisions that had the option to refute high stock holding expenses and appropriation costs related with a various flexibly chain organize. In accordance with the expenses of acquisition, British Airways confronted an exchange off circumstance: Continue to ingest costs by working under a decentralized gracefully affix procedure to e vade change or to support and apportion capital assets to bring together flexibly chain techniques and take out redundancies. There were huge numbers of chance expenses related with the current flexibly arrange, along these lines the business established that execution of proper acquisition arranging programming (for this situation SAP) were important to profoundly modify the gracefully organize. The business changed its obtainment methodology to incorporate improvement of increasingly key partnerships with sellers, including providers during the beginning times of item and administration advancement, exploiting provider aptitude to help with making a commonly remunerating acquisition organize. These are essentially significant operational methodologies for cost controls in gracefully chain techniques (Copacino 1996; Ragatz 1997). English Airways started to benchmark

Where to Find College Essay Examples

Where to Find College Essay ExamplesThere are many places to find college essay examples that you can use as a starting point. These include booklets, magazine articles, and the internet. Each of these resources will provide you with various prompts that will give you the basic guidelines that you need to write your essay.The first place to go for college essay examples is online. There are many sites that offer both free and paid options. With the paid versions, you will be able to download them directly to your computer. As a result, you have a much wider variety of topic choices and start lines available.When you are looking at them, it is important to keep in mind that they should not be an end all, be all, but a starting line for the essay that you are going to write. In most cases, the essay will be revised later on as you continue writing it. Therefore, you want to pick a starting point that you will not need to revisit because you will be able to easily remove this informatio n and move forward with the rest of the details.The free versions of the examples will be very general in nature. They may only include topics like why you would prefer to work with a certain company over another. Other examples may only contain rules about writing within specific guidelines that you will need to follow in order to pass the course. These are the general kind of examples that you should look for.The second place to look for example material is in a book. There are several books on essays that include a sample essay to read as a starting point. Because they are geared toward a specific area of writing, you will find that some of them include the basic guidelines for writing a good essay without the additional details that are difficult to find elsewhere.One of the advantages of this type of book isthat it will give you access to a wide variety of different styles. For example, there will be examples of academic essays, personal essays, research essays, essays related to a specific situation, and many more. This makes it easy to find the style that will fit your needs the best. Some of these books also have the option of choosing what type of paper to write based on your assigned topic.If you are having difficulty finding an example essay that fits your requirements, you can ask the professor in your class to give you a hand. You may be able to get one on a voluntary basis, or if the essay has been assigned. If this is the case, make sure that you do not overlook this opportunity because it can lead to a great opportunity to write an essay for credit.You can find college essay examples at many different places, but it is important to find the ones that are right for you. If you are unsure of what type of essay you want to write, it is best to keep looking until you find one that suits your needs. You will be glad that you did when you write the best essay you can.

Analysis of Gloria Jimenezs Against All Odds and Against...

Essay Analysis Gloria Jimà ©nez wrote an essay at Tuffs University in 2003 named, â€Å"Against All Odds and Against the Common Good (Jimà ©nez 116). The purpose of this essay is to persuade and support the following thesis: â€Å"Still, when all is said and done about lotteries bringing a vast amount of money into the lives of many people into the lives of a few, the states should not be in the business of urging people to gamble (Jimà ©nez 116).† The evidence given in support of toward this argument does not point toward the proper thesis identified in the beginning of the essay. Jimà ©nez begins with little confidence in her ability to persuade the states to get out of the†¦show more content†¦The author than fails to tell the source of this experiment so the reader of her essay is left wondering if it is even valid evidence from a reliable source. These viewpoints are better placed with a thesis that reads, â€Å"States should no longer be in the business of the state lo ttery.† The evidence she brings at that point covers most of her essay and I do not find them addressing the issue of â€Å"the states should not be in the business of urging people to gamble† (Jimà ©nez 116-119). The second to last paragraph actually has the most associability with her main thesis. The logical argument she uses here is a very good point, â€Å"Everyone knows tobacco is harmful. What if the state enticed people to smoke (Jimà ©nez 118)?† This is a very good point except the author failed to address why the harmfulness of the state lottery should be compared to the health risk of cigarettes. The issue is not directly addressed as to why playing the state lottery is bad. Without that supporting evidence that argument leaves much to be desired. It can also be argued that no one ever wins from smoking tobacco even if they never get sick from it; their family and friends suffer. Someone eventually does win the lottery and it may truly be a ticket out of poverty. The circumstance surrounding her addresses concerning poverty is where the author makes an appeal to pathos. She states,â€Å"the poorShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Odds And Against The Common Good990 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the odds The lottery in this country is a big past time for Americans. It gives hope to the hopeless and disappointment to a multitude of participants. A quick view of statistical information regarding the lottery shows that out of all people who take part in this country wide phenomenon, each individual person has a 1 in 175,223,510 chance of hitting the jackpot (AmericanStatisticalAssociation.org). The author of â€Å"Against The Odds and Against the Common Good†, argues that theRead MoreAnalysis of Against the Odds and Against the Common Good1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe following two paragraphs are a summary of Gloria Jimenezs essay Against the Odds and Against the Common Good. States should neither allow nor encourage state-run lotteries. There are five major arguments that people use to defend lotteries. One is that most lotteries are run honestly, but if gambling is harmful to society it is irrelevant to argue if they are honest or not. The second is that lotteries cre ate jobs, but there are only a small handful of jobs that would be eliminated if lotteries

Essay about STDs - 1489 Words

STDs Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are very common in today’s society. They represent a threat to humans because when they cannot be treated, they can become an epidemic, such as AIDS. Although STDs can affect people of all ages, young people – especially college students - between the ages of 19 and 25 are the most affected (American Social Health Association). There are three types of STDs: bacterial, viral and parasitic. In this essay, we will study one disease from each category by analyzing the causes, describe the symptoms and learn the treatments available. We will also investigate on whether or not there is a cure for the disease. Our research will concentrate on the following diseases: Chlamydia, hepatitis B and pubic†¦show more content†¦However, some patients do have symptoms of Chlamydia. In women, the bacteria attack the cervix and the urethra which leads to abnormal vaginal discharge and burning sensation when urinating (U.S. Department of Healt h and Human Services). When Chlamydia remains untreated, it can become a very serious and dangerous disease. In fact, â€Å"the infection can spread to the fallopian tubes† and cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which might lead to infertility. On the other hand; male symptoms mainly consist of abnormal release of fluids and burning sensation in the urinary canal as well. Additionally, in order to treat patients who suffer from Chlamydia, doctors often prescribe antibiotics (Kaplan, and Cooper). Aspirin can also be used to relieve the aching and inflammation. It will also help the patient feel better and lead a normal life while treated. Furthermore, the infected person should contact her or his previous partner(s) in order to get them checked as well. Even though Chlamydia is a curable disease, we have seen that when no treatment is provided, complications can arise. This can cause pelvic inflammation and infertility. Also, an individual that has had Chlamydia once, or any other STD as a matter of fact, would be at higher risk to get infected again (Kaplan, and Cooper). The second STD that we areShow MoreRelatedStd Std Prevention1489 Words   |  6 Pagescampaign with peer education. The whole purpose of the prevention program was to increase the universitys students knowledge about STD, improve their attitudes towards the use of contraceptives, and promote the idea of getting tested for STIs. The message seemed to have been well accepted and led to discussions among about half of the students. Although knowledge about STDs was high at baseline, about one fourth of the students reported that their knowledge about these diseases increased . The evaluationRead MoreStds Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThis chart above shows the magnitude of how STDs affect adolescents and young adults. When broken down, between 2015-2016 among 15-19 years the rate of reported cases of chlamydia increased 4.0% (1,854.2 to 1,929.2 per 100,000), those 20-24 years rat e increased 1.9% (2,594.5 to 2,643.8 per 100,000), and the age-specific rate of chlamydia in 2016 among 15-19 was 1,929.2 per 100,000 and among 20-24 was 2,643.8 per 100,000 (2016 Sexually, 2017). Which shows that chlamydia cases are highest among adolescentsRead MoreStds Essay2127 Words   |  9 PagesSexuallly transmitted diseases or known as STDs, are passed from one person to another through intimate physical contact such as vaginal, oral, and anal sex. STDs commonly affect people from the ages of 15-24. The most common types of STDs that I will be addressing are, HPV(human papillomavirus), chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and HIV/AIDS. History STDs have been known to humans for centuries. Lack of knowledge and awareness lead to a widespread transmission of diseases with little orRead MoreStds Essay751 Words   |  4 Pagessexualy transmitted diseases(STD) caused by a lack of carefulness and overall disregard for general health and sexual standards. Americans have been engaging in premarital sex at an increasing rate since 2004 with 94% of the interviewed population stating they have had sex before marriage. This has increase in â€Å"pleasure sex† has exposed much of America to STD’s and the resulting outbreak has been catastrophic. With an average of one out of four people carrying and STD even though they may not possessRead MoreEssay On STD1500 Words   |  6 PagesObjective 2 Next, within the next 10 years, the Bronx community will illustrate and explain the positive uses of the physical examinations to decrease the mortality and morbidity rates from late stage STD diagnosis by utilizing appropriate therapies. STDs cause complications that can advance to â€Å"emotional suffering, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, and death† (Ignatavicius, 2016). In 2017, CDC stated that the number of HIV diagnoses were 39,513 cases followed by a mortality rateRead MoreStds Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesof sexually transmitted diseases(STD) caused by a lack of carefulness and overall disregard for general health and sexual standards. Americans have been engaged in premarital sex at an increasing rate since 2004 with 94% of the interviewed population stating they have had sex before marriage. This increase in â€Å"pleasure sex† has exposed much of America to STD’s and the resulting outbreak has been catastrophic. With an average of one out of four people carrying an STD even though they may not possessRead MoreEssay On Stds1024 Words   |  5 PagesAnyone who is sexually active can acquire an STD. However, the CDC states that â€Å"while sexually transmitted diseases affect individuals of all ages, STDs take a particularly heavy toll on young people. CDC estimates that youth ages 15-24 make up just over one quarter of the sexually active population, but account for half of the 20 million new sexually transmitted infections that occur in the United States each year† (CDC, 2017). STDs are an apparent problem in the United States and a growing problemRead MoreEssay on STDs1724 Words   |  7 Pages I chose do my biology report on Sexually Transmitted Diseases because STDs are becoming a concern for Americans and especially American teens. There are two kinds of STDs, viral and bacterial. Viral Studs are incurable; the most common viral Studs are HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, herpes, and HPV. Bacterial STDs are curable. The most common bacterial STDs are gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis. STDs, are also known as venereal diseases, is a term that refers to more than 50 diseases and syndromes whichRead MoreEssay On Stds1305 Words   |  6 PagesHere we see the Healthy People 2020 (2017) STD goal, they recognize that there are over 35 â€Å"infectious organisms† which are transmitted via sexual activity, they also reference the CDCs assertion that there are around 20 million new STD cases a year, and argue that STDs are costing the U.S. healthcare system around $16 billion a year. They do not specify how much of that cost can be associated to the 13-24 year old population, however, we can look at other noted statistics showing that this groupRead MoreStd Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting tested then they would be more inclined to do so. The inadequate promotion of STD prevention results in higher rates of HIV/AIDS transmission among African-American students attending HBCUs. It would be beneficial for students to be involved in and aware of the statistics of exactly how detrimental STDs can be and make a change to better protect their health. The current sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic in adolescents has led to concern about the potential for spread of the human

The Desire For Assimilation Among Immigrants - 1846 Words

In Franz Kafka’s novel Amerika the desire for assimilation among immigrants is shown repeatedly. It is shown both in Karl’s attitude as well as his Uncle Jakob’s actions and behavior. The desire for immigrants to assimilate is shown in Henry Fairchild’s article in The American Journal of Sociology, The Restriction of Immigration. In his work Fairchild shows how many Americans, including himself wish for immigrants to assimilate as quickly as possible and display negative attitudes towards immigrants who are overtly European. Many referred to the massive immigration to America in the early 1900’s as a problem and offered solutions. In order for an immigrant not to be considered part of the problem and face prejudice, he or she should attempt to assimilate into the American middle class as quickly as possibly, by mastering english, gaining a trade and achieving some sort of economic success. The further one distanced themselves from their Europe an origins the better. This shows the prevailing stigma against European immigrants. Uncle Jakob, his actions, and his demands of Karl attempt to combat popular complaints against immigrants. This is shown especially through Karl’s Uncle’s quick rise to success as well as his immediate abandonment of his origins. The Restriction of Immigration shows what many perceive to be the problems with immigration. The most often repeated issue is the failure for immigrants to assimilate. Fairchild argues against the establishment ofShow MoreRelatedCanada s Long Standing Desire For Assimilation Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing built upon assimilation, surveillance, and capitalist control of its people. It is modern in the sense that it is always striving forward in regards to the latest technology, money-making business, and consumption for profit. And yet it still lacks when it comes to racial acceptance. While it has made progress, there are still tensions that are di sregarded. Canada seeks only for a sense of nationalism that is stuck in the past. Canada’s long standing desire for assimilation is tied to its anti-immigrationRead MoreComparing Waves of Immigrants in Joseph Healey’s â€Å"From Immigrants to White Ethnics827 Words   |  3 PagesHealey’s â€Å"From Immigrants to White Ethnics† is a generalized comparison between the varying groups of individuals that accompanied the colossal waves of immigration to the United States from Europe in the nineteenth century. Immigration to this country resulted from a number of reason such as religious persecution, individuals seeking to find employment after industrialization in their home countries limited their livelihood, and political oppositions to name a few. On arrival the immigrants knew immediatelyRead MoreUnder the Desguise of a Passageway to Happiness: Assimiliation779 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent and instead make efforts to change the differences to match the way things normally and dominantly are. This fear and reaction is the reason fo r why efforts of assimilation occur, so that the dominant can integrate the minority and to conform to the dominant culture. Writer Sarah Ahmed discusses the issues of migration, assimilation, and what it really means to be happy in her chapter â€Å"Melancholic Migrant.† She traces the links between white culture and happiness; the idea of the whiter you areRead More Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pageswho is branded as a foreigner. In America, there exists a common misconception that immigrants who arrive in this country fully assimilate or seek to assimilate as time progresses. The category I chose was The Dot of true Happiness. The dot which signifies the bindi, a traditional red mark worn by Indian people, is the source of true happiness among these immigrants. Although these newly arrived immigrants are expected to be content only after assimilating to the American culture, Lahiri attestsRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1385 Words   |  6 PagesPluralism, Acculturation and Assimilation in Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Mona A. M. Ahmed Zagazig University, Egypt The purpose of this paper is to investigate pluralism, acculturation and assimilation in Amy Tan s novel The Joy Luck Club (1989), a finalist for the National Award, and a recipient of the 1990 Bay Area Book Reviewers award for fiction. Amy Tan (1952- ) is a Chinese American novelist; she isRead MoreAnalysis Of John Demoss Heathen School932 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Demos’s interpretation of the â€Å"Heathen School† illustrates American challenges relating to multiculturalism and assimilation effectively. Demos flawlessly accounts the unforeseen and touchings stories of the missionary project, originating in Cornwall, Connecticut in the eighteenth century. At the same time, Demos details the conversion of â€Å"Heathens†-consisting of young Hawaiian, Native American, Indian, and Chinese men-into Christianity and civilization itself. The Heathen School became a grandRead MoreThe Immigration Of Canada And The Assurance Of Equality And Freedom From Racial Discrimination1383 Words   |  6 PagesCanada is referred to as a ‘land of immigrants’ since a large number of newcomers have settled here and helped to enhance and preserve its ethnicity and diversity. Every country has its own norms and principles in accommodating new immigrants and assisting them to settle down. However, not all the immigrants are fortunate enough to sustain the uncertain circumstances that they had foreseen before migrating to a new country. While in the process of adjusting to a new society, these settlers are oftenRead MoreIdentity Formation and Assimilation of Ashima and Gogol in the United States1292 Words   |  6 Pageseasy task. Immigrants usually face challenges to identify themselves . Identity formation is the development of one’s distinctive personality due to particular reasons such as new environment, new culture and conflicts. During the process, some characters from Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake either create or deny the bond with their own culture; some undergo conflicts among generations. Those processes reflect significantly in Ashima and Gogol throughout the book. The degree of assimilations determinesRead MoreAbstract. This Proposed Research Is Designed To Handle1440 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding the post –migration adjustments.The primary aim for this study is on the behavioral, emotional as well as the academic adaptation of the immigrants adolescent and children, in view of their level of post-migration stress and the surport which is provided by their social networks. The participant for this research proposal will 600 newly immigrants who are in the elementary, middle as well as the high school levels.The students will be i nterviewed shortly after the school entry, with the secondRead MoreB.Machismo, Marianismo Familismo . Machismo, Marianismo1049 Words   |  5 PagesB. Machismo, Marianismo Familismo Machismo, Marianismo and familismo are central to Latino culture, and all three can increase the likelihood of IPV in Latina immigrants. Machismo and its female counterpart marianismo are held as the â€Å"ideal† male and female gender roles in traditional Latino culture. These Latino cultural traditions are two-sided; machismo and marianismo can be viewed as positive qualities, however, they can also allow for an unfair balance of power between partners. Stevens

Analysis of the Raven free essay sample

The Raven The Raven is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, andsupernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking ravens mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the mans slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student, is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas, the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word Nevermore. The poem makes use of a number of folk and classical references. Poe claimed to have written the poem very logically and methodically, intending to create a poem that would appeal to both critical and popular tastes, as he explained in his 1846 follow-up essay The Philosophy of Composition. The poem was inspired in part by a talking raven in the novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty byCharles Dickens. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Raven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poe borrows the complex rhythm and meter of Elizabeth Barretts poem Lady Geraldines Courtship, and makes use of internal rhyme as well as alliteration throughout. The Raven was first attributed to Poe in print in the New York Evening Mirror on January 29, 1845. Its publication made Poe widely popular in his lifetime, though it did not bring him much financial success. Soon reprinted, parodied, and illustrated, critical opinion is divided as to the poems status, though it remains one of the most famous poems ever written. Synopsis The Raven follows an unnamed narrator who sits reading forgotten lore as a method to forget the loss of his love, Lenore. A rapping at [his] chamber doorreveals nothing, but excites his soul to burning. A similar rapping, slightly louder, is heard at his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven steps into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas. Amused by the ravens comically serious disposition, the man demands that the bird tell him its name. The ravens only answer is Nevermore. The narrator is surprised that the raven can talk, though it says nothing further. The narrator remarks to himself that his friend the raven will soon fly out of his life, Just as other friends have flown before along with his previous hopes. As if answering, the raven responds again with Nevermore. The narrator reasons that the bird learned the word Nevermore from some unhappy master and that it is the only word it knows. Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment, not saying anything, but his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels. Confused by the association of the angels with the bird, the narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a thing of evil and a prophet. As he yells at the raven it only responds, Nevermore. Finally, he asks the raven whether he will be reunited with Lenore in Heaven. When the raven responds with its typical Nevermore, he hrieks and commands the raven to return to the Plutonian shore, though it never still is sitting on the bust of Pallas. The narrators final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the ravens shadow and shall be lifted Nevermore. Analysis Poe wrote the poem as a narrative, without intentionally creating an allegory or falling into didacticism. The main theme of the poem is one of undying devotion. The narrator experiences a perverse conflictbetween desire to forget and desire to remember. He seems to get some pleasure from focusing on loss. The narrator assumes that the word Nevermore is the ravens only stock and store, nd, yet, he continues to ask it questions, knowing what the answer will be. His questions, then, are purposely self-deprecating and further incite his feelings of loss. Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poems narrator. The narrator begins as weak and weary, becomes regretful and grief-stricken, before passing into a frenzy and, finally, madness. Christopher F. S. Maligec suggests the poem is a type of elegiac paraclausithyron, an ancient Greek and Roman poetic form consisting of the lament of an excluded, locked-out lover at the sealed door of his beloved. Allusion Poe says that the narrator is a young scholar. Though this is not explicitly stated in the poem, it is mentioned in The Philosophy of Composition. It is also suggested by the narrator reading books of lore as well as by the bust of Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom. He is reading many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. Similar to the studies suggested in Poes short story Ligeia, this lore may be about the occult or black magic. This is also emphasized in the authors choice to set the poem in December, a month which is traditionally associated with the forces of darkness. The use of the raven † the devil bird † also suggests this. This devil image is emphasized by the narrators belief that the raven is from the Nights Plutonian shore, or a messenger from the afterlife, referring to Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld (also known as Hades in Greek mythology). Poe chose a raven as the central symbol in the story because he wanted a non- reasoning creature capable of speech. He decided on a raven, which he considered equally capable of speech as a parrot, because it matched the intended tone of the poem. Poe said the raven is meant to symbolize Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. He was also inspired by Grip, the raven in Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty by Charles Dickens. One scene in particular bears a resemblance to The Raven: at the end of the fifth chapter of Dickenss novel, Grip makes a noise and someone says, What was that him tapping at the door? The response is, Tis someone knocking softly at the shutter. Dickenss raven could speak many words and had many comic turns, including the popping of a champagne cork, but Poe emphasized the birds more dramatic qualities. Poe had written a review of Barnaby Rudge for Grahams Magazine saying, among other things, that the raven should ave served a more symbolic, prophetic pu rpose. The similarity did not go unnoticed: James Russell Lowell in his A Fable for Critics wrote the verse, Here comes Poe with his raven, like Barnaby Rudge / Three-fifths of him genius and two- fifths sheer fudge. Poe may also have been drawing upon various references to named Huginn and Muninn, representing thought and memory. The raven also gets a reputation as a bird of ill omen in the story of Genesis. According to Hebrew folklore, Noah sends a white raven to check conditions while on the ark. It learns that the floodwaters are beginning to dissipate, but it does not immediately eturn with the news. It is punished by being turned black and being forced to feed on carrion forever. In Ovids Metamorphoses, a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lovers unfaithfulness. The ravens role as a messenger in Poes poem may draw from those stories. Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead, a reference to the Book of Jeremiah (8:22) in the Bible: Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered? In that context, he Balm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes (suggesting, perhaps, that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore). He also refers to Aidenn, another word for the Garden of Eden, though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven.